The Past Continuous Tense

   The Past Continuous Tense Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

The Past Continuous Tense

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Şimdiki Zamanın Hikayesi

1.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte belirli bir anda devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Süreklilik gösteren bu eylemlerin ne zaman başladığı ve ne zaman biteceği önemli değildir. Bizi ilgilendiren şey, bir eylemin geçmişte belirli bir anda devam edip etmemesidir.

         *What were you doing at eight o’clock this morning?

           Bu sabah saat sekizde ne yapıyordun?

         *I was writing a letter at ten o’clock.

           Saat onda bir mektup yazıyordum.

         *We were playing tennis at half past nine.

           Saat dokuz buçukta tenis oynuyorduk.

2.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte belirli bir olayın olup bittiği anda devam eden diğer eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Süreklilik gösteren bu eylemlerin ne zaman başladığı ve ne zaman biteceği önemli değildir. Bizi ilgilendiren şey, geçmişte olup biten belirli bir olay anında devam eden eylemlerdir. Geçmişte olup biten belirli bir olay “THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE” ile süreklilik gösteren diğer eylemler de “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” ile gösterilir.

         *We were having breakfast when my father came.

           Babam geldiği zaman kahvaltı yapıyorduk.

         *I was washing my car when it began to rain.

           Yağmur yağmaya başladığı zaman otomobilimi yıkıyordum.

         *We were living in Turkey when the war broke out.

           Savaş çıktığı zaman Türkiye’de yaşıyorduk.

3.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte belirli bir süre birbirine paralel olarak devam eden iki eylemi dile getirmek için kullanılır. Gerek ana cümlede gerek yan cümlecikte “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE“ kullanılır. Bu durumda kullanılan bağlaçlar şunlardır.

         When / while / as / just as / all the time

         *Tom was singing while I was having a bath.

           Ben banyo yaparken Tom şarkı söylüyordu.

         *We were dancing as they were playing bridge.

           Onlar briç oynarken biz dans ediyorduk.

         *Just as it was raining, we were running home.

           Tam yağmur yağdığı sırada biz eve koşuyorduk.        

          NOT: Bazen geçmişte kısa bir süre içinde devam eden iki eylemi veya iki eylemden birini “THE

          SIMPLE PAST TENSE” ile gösterebiliriz.

         *When I heard the news, I began to cry.

           Haberi işitince ağlamaya başladım.

         *My father was reading his book while Mother set the table.

           Annem masayı hazırlarken babam kitap okuyordu.

4.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte belirli bir süre içinde devam eden eylemleri göstermek için kullanılır.

            *Yesterday, from four o’clock to five o’clock, we were dancing.

              Dün saat dörtten beşe kadar dans ediyorduk.

            *All last week, we were studying our lessons.

              Bütün geçen hafta derslerimizi çalışıyorduk.

5.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte sürekli olarak alışkanlık halinde tekrarlayan ya da bıkkınlık veren eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Bu türlü söz dizilerinde genellikle aşağıdaki süreklilik zarfları kullanılır.

            Always : her zaman

            Continually : sürekli olarak

            Constantly : sürekli olarak

            Perpetually : aralıksız olarak

            Frequently : sık sık

            All the time : her zaman

            Forever : daima

            *He was always making mistakes all the time at school.

              O okulda iken daima yanlış yapardı.

            *I was continually losing my keys.

              Sürekli olarak anahtarlarımı kaybediyordum.

            *Lora was always finding fault with the students.

              Lora öğrencilerde daima hata buluyordu.

6.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte olup biten ya da devam eden bir eylemin ne zaman yapıldığını gösteren yan cümleciklerde kullanılır. Bu yan cümlecikler ana cümleye aşağıdaki bağlaçlarla kullanılırlar.

            While / when / as / just as / all the time

            *I was swimmimg in the sea when the children were playing on the sand.

              Çocuklar kumda oynarken ben denizde yüzüyordum.

            *I was reading while my mother was setting the table.

              Annem sofrayı kurarken ben okuyordum.

            *We were dancing as they were playing bridge.

              Onlar briç oynarken biz dans ediyorduk.

7.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte yapmak istediğimiz fakat gerçekleşmeyen eylemleri ve kesinlikle emin olmadığımız bekleyişlerimizi dile getirmek için kullanılır.

            *Did Dora go to the party?

              Dora partiye gitti mi?

            *No, she didn’t, but she was hoping to.

              Hayır, gitmedi fakat gitmeyi ümit ediyordu.

            *Did your brother pass the exam?

              Erkek kardeşin sınavı geçti mi?

            *I don’t know, but he was expecting to.

              Bilmiyorum, fakat geçmeyi ümit ediyordu.

8.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” şimdi ya da gelecekte gerçekleşmeyecek ya da değiştirilmiş olan isteklerimizi ve kesinlikle emin olmadığımız bekleyişlerimizi dile getirmek için kullanılır.

            *When is your father going to buy a new car?

              Baban ne zaman yeni bir otomobil alacak?

            *He was hoping to next week, but he won’t be able to.

              Gelecek hafta almayı ümit ediyordu, fakat alamayacak.

            *When are they getting married?

              Onlar ne zaman evlenecekler?

            *They are planning to this month, but they won’t be able to.

              Bu ay evlenmeyi planlıyorlardı, fakat evlenemeyecekler.

9.      “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte olan bir olay, bir hikayeyi, ya da gördüğümüz bir yeri, bir kimseyi anlatırken kullanılır.

            *Ayşegül was wearing a blue dress at the ball.

              Ayşegül baloda mavi bir elbise giyiyordu.

            *Smoke was coming from the chimney of the farmhouse. The farmer’s children were playing  

         wity the dog and the farmer himself was leaning on the gate.

              Çiftlik evinin bacasından duman çıkıyordu. Çiftçinin çocukları köpekle oynuyor, ve çiftçi ise bahçe

         Kapısına dayanıyordu.

10.  “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” geçmişte pek seyrek olan bir olayı anlatmak için “THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE” yerine kullanılır.dersimiz.com

            *The other day I was talking to the Prime Minister of Turkey.

              Geçen gün Türkiye Başbakanı ile konuşuyordum.

            *Last night I was dancing with the beautiful daughter of the admiral.

              Dün gece amiralin güzel kızı ile dans ediyordum.

11.  “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” bazen “THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE” yerine soru cümlelerinde, soruyu daha nazik bir şekle dönüştürmek için kullanılır.

            *What were you doing before you came here?

              Buraya gelmeden önce ne yapıyordun?

            *What did you do before you came here?

              Buraya gelmeden önce ne yaptın?

12.  “THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE” koşul gösteren yan cümleciklerde dilek kipi olarak kullanılır.

            *If she were writing the letter now, I would post in the afternoon.

              Mektubu şimdi yazıyor olsaydı öğleden sonra postalardım.

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ORDINAL NUMBERS (SIRALAMA SAYILARI)

  ORDINAL NUMBERS (SIRALAMA SAYILARI) Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

1^st– first 11^th– eleventh 21^st– twenty- first

2^nd-second 12^th– twelfth 22^nd-twenty -second

3^rd– third 13^th– thirteenth 23^rd– twenty-third

4^th– fourth 14^th– fourteenth 30^th– thirtieth

5^th– fifth 15^th– fifteenth 40^th– fortieth

6^th– sixth 16^th– sixteenth 50^th– fiftieth

7^th– seventh 17^th– seventeenth 60^th– sixtieth

8^th– eighth 18^th– eighteenth 70^th– seventieth

9^th– ninth 19^th– nineteenth 80^th– eightieth

10^th-tenth 20^th– twentieth 90^th– ninetieth

100^th-hundredth

Not 1: Kullanım alanına bağlı olarak, ‘sıfır’ın birden fazla ismi vardır. İşte onlardan bazıları:
naught/nought: Genellikle İngilizler’e ait bir kullanım
oh: Numaraları hecelerken (örneğin birine telefon numarası veya banka hesabı verirken)
nil: Spor skorlarında (genellikle İngiliz İngilizcesi’nde)
love: teniste kullanılır
zilch, nada, null, zip: hiçbirşey, bomboş gibi anlamları vurgularken kullanılırlar – “You know nothing – zero, zip, nada, zilch!”
nix: Hiçbirşey anlamında kullanılır (fiil olarak reddetmek anlamına sahiptir)

Not 2: Telefon numaralarını söylerken Türkçe’de yaptığımız gibi, (565 13 36) beşyüz altmışbeş onüç otuzaltı şeklinde değil, her bir rakamı tek tek söyleriz. Yani İngilizce’de, (545 13 36) beş altı beş bir üç üç altı şeklinde söyleriz. Aynı rakam iki kez söylenecekse (22 gibi misal) two two olarak değil double two (çift iki) biçiminde söylenir.

Not 3:Yılları belirtirken, bizdeki gibi (1998) bindokuzyüzdoksansekiz şeklinde değil, ikili olarak okuruz. Yani (1998) ondokuz doksansekiz olarak. Eğer bahsi geçen yılın sonu çift sıfırla bitiyorsa, (2000) twenty double-oh (yirmi çift sıfır) denilir.

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 İngilizce Ulusal ve Dini Bayramlar – National and Religious Festivals

    İngilizce Ulusal ve Dini Bayramlar – National and Religious Festivals Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

NATİONAL AND RELİGİOUS FESTİVALS VOCABULARY – İNGİLİZCE ULUSAL VE DİNİ BAYRAMLAR KELİMELER

Festival: Festival, bayram, şenlik

National: Ulusal, milli

Religious: Dini

Traditional: Geleneksel

Country: Ülke

Flag: Bayrak

Foreign: Yabancı

Children: Çocuklar

Celebrate: Kutlamak

Decorate: Süslemek

Decoration: Süsleme, dekorasyon

Firework: Havai fişek gösterisi

Parade: Geçit töreni, gösteri

Folk songs: Halk müzikleri, türküler

Folk dance: Halk oyunu

Perform: Gösteri yapmak, sunmak

Read poems: Şiirler okumak

Memorialize: Anmak, anma töreni yapmak

Go to the mosque: Camiye gitmek

Make desserts: Tatlılar yapmak

Serve: İkram etmek, servis etmek

Visit relatives: Akrabaları ziyaret etmek

Clean the house: Evi temizlemek

Pocket money: Cep harçlığı

NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS (ULUSAL VE DİNİ FESTİVALLER)

Children’s Day: Çocukların günü (23th April)

Youth and Sports Day: Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı (19th May)

Republic Day: Cumhuriyet Bayramı (29th October)

Victory Day: Zafer Bayramı (30th August)

Independence Day: Bağımsızlık günü

New Year: Yeni yıl

Ramadan Feast: Ramazan Bayramı

Candy Feast: Şeker bayramı

Eid: Ramazan Bayramı, dini bayram, mübarek

Sacrifice Feast: Kurban Bayramı

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 İngilizce Meslek Tanıtımları

    İngilizce Meslek Tanıtımları Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

Bazı mesleklerin ingilizce olarak tanıtımları, açıklamaları. İngilizce meslek tanıtımları.

Doctor (Doktor):

Being a doctor comes with a lot of responsibility. A doctor’s patients rely on their physician for the best medical help possible!

There are lots of different kinds of doctors. General Practitioners, Family Doctors, and Pediatricians (doctors just-for-kids) are the types most people see on a regular basis for things like the flu, a fever, a check-up or physical, a vaccination, and other common needs. Other doctors specialize in specific health fields or particular body systems. Some examples of specialists include cardiologists (heart and blood), dermatologists (skin), allergists and immunologists (allergic reactions and immune system), neurologists (brain and nervous system), and internists (internal organs). There are also surgeons, whose specialty is performing operations!

Not all doctors do the same thing every day. Some doctors work in an office, others in the hospital, and some in places you might not think of, like laboratories where they develop new medicines and research cures! Doctors see patients, run and interpret tests, prescribe medicines or treatments, talk to patients about how to stay healthy, respond to emergencies, and regularly read books and medical journals or take classes to keep their knowledge up-to-date! Most doctors work very long hours and have to be available for emergencies.

Nurse (Hemşire):

Nurses do a huge range of important things that help keep people healthy, make them better when they’re sick, and support patients and their families!

Nurses work in lots of different places like hospitals, doctor’s offices, clinics, people’s homes, schools, camps, and more! Depending on where he or she works and the level of training they’ve had, a nurse can do a big variety of different things. Some nurses take temperatures, give shots, administer medicines, and check patients’ blood pressure and pulse. Other nurses might prescribe medications, order tests, and help diagnose a patient’s problem. There are nurses who assist doctors during surgery, and nurses who help deliver babies!

Lots of nurses work closely with patients and families, helping them, supporting them, and educating them about things they need to know take care of their illnesses and stay healthy and happy!

Teacher (Öğretmen):

Teachers plan lessons, which means they spend time finding fun and interesting ways to introduce their students to new information and make sure they understand it. Teachers enjoy getting to know their students and figuring out how they learn best.

Teachers also spend time grading papers, making tests, writing report cards and talking with their students’ parents to let them know how well their children are doing in class. By talking with parents, teachers can also learn more about their students and figure out the best way to help them if need be.

Teachers meet with the grown-ups at their school, like the principal and other teachers. They share ideas and find new ways to make their school a great place.

There are teachers for small children, teachers for elementary, middle and high school kids, and even teachers for college kids and grown-ups!

Scientist (Bilimadamı):

Scientists are people who try to figure out how the many different things in our world and our universe work. This includes scientists who study the biggest galaxies to those who study the tiniest atoms! Scientists use special methods to examine what they’re studying by proposing an explanation to a question or problem, collecting evidence and running tests, and then forming a conclusion based on the results!

A scientist might work in a laboratory, out in nature, at a special office, as a professor, as a writer or journalist, and more! To answer puzzling questions, scientists might do everything from performing tests and collecting surveys to brainstorming and daydreaming! Scientists use all kinds of different tools for their jobs: Computers, telescopes, microscopes, rulers, thermometers, barometers, scales, beakers and test tubes, and much more!

Farmer (Çiftçi):

Some farmers raise animals like cows, chickens and fish. Other farmers raise plants like fruits, vegetables and grains. There are even farmers who grow plants for people to enjoy in their gardens! Farmers make a living by selling their plants, animals and animal products.

Being a farmer is hard work! Farmers care for their animals by giving them food and water. They plant and harvest crops. They make sure their plants and animals stay healthy. They also take care of the machines that help them farm, like tractors and plows.

Lawyer (Avukat):

A lawyer is a person who has studied the law and is an expert in the way their country’s rules and government work. A lawyer’s job is to give people advice about the law and how it works, since the law can be very complicated!

Many lawyers spend their time meeting with clients, preparing legal documents (like wills, contracts, and leases), and attending trials. At a trial, the lawyer represents his or her client and either defends the client against charges, or prosecutes (brings charges against) the accused. More than anything else, lawyers usually spend a lot of their time doing research! Because the law is constantly changing, lawyers must spend time staying up-to-date on information to give their clients the best advice possible!

Police / Police Officer (Polis /Polis Memuru):

The job of a Police Office is very important! Because law enforcement is needed all the time, Police Officers work during the night and on weekends and holidays. Some Police Officers spend their days patrolling on foot or in special vehicles, looking for any types of law violations, handing out tickets, and responding to emergencies. At other times, Police Officers work on investigations or make arrests. They also must write up reports and sometimes appear in court.

Police work can be tense and dangerous. Police Officers must be attentive at all times so they can respond as needed in emergencies, and they must work in all kinds of weather conditions, too. To become a Police Officer, you usually must go through special training at a police academy to learn about things like law, investigations, and self-defense. Police Officers must pass exams to show fitness and need to have characteristics like honesty and good judgment to help them perform their difficult job!

Electrical Engineer (Elektrik Mühendisi):

Electrical engineers design new and better electronics. They also test equipment and solve problems. A project starts by deciding what the new electronics will do. Then, the engineer designs the circuits and other parts of the electronics. Engineers might draw their designs using a computer.

Later, the engineers test their designs and make them better. Many projects don’t work at first. The engineers have to figure out why and then fix them. Electrical engineers work on many kinds of products. They might work on cars, robots, cell phone systems, the lighting and wiring in buildings, and radar and navigation systems.

Some examples of high-tech projects that electrical and electronics engineers work on are global positioning systems that can pinpoint a car’s location, giant generators that can power entire cities, or a new design for an airplane’s electrical system. 

Engineers work in offices, labs, or industrial plants.

Bus Driver (Otobüs Şoförü):

The job of a bus driver goes beyond just steering the bus! There are lots of different bus drivers who drive different types of vehicles, from school buses to public transportation buses to tour buses and more!

Bus drivers are responsible for the safety of their passengers, which can sometimes be as many as 100 people! Because of traffic and weather problems, the job of a bus driver can sometimes be difficult!

Dentist (Diş Hekimi):

Dentists care for their patients’ teeth by treating problems that exist and by giving patients the knowledge and tools they need to keep their teeth healthy in the future. For example, dentists remind their patients about the importance of brushing, flossing and eating foods that are tooth-friendly! A dentist examines the teeth, gums and mouth tissue of patients with help from equipment such as mouth mirrors and X-rays. Filling cavities, removing tooth decay, fitting patients with crowns and dentures, and pulling teeth when necessary are examples of the many duties of a dentist!

Architect (Mimar):

Architects design houses and buildings. They plan offices and apartments. They design schools, churches, and airport terminals. Their plans involve far more than a building’s looks. They must ensure that buildings are safe and strong and that they suit the needs of the people who use them.

The architect and client first discuss what the client wants. The architect sometimes helps decide if a project would work at all or if it would harm the environment. The architect then creates drawings for the client to review. They may be involved in all stages of the construction of a building.

If the ideas are OK, the architect draws up the final plans. These plans show how the building will look and how to build it. The drawings show the beams that hold up the building. They show the air-conditioner, furnace, and ventilating systems. The drawings show how the electricity and plumbing work. Architects used to use pencil and paper to draw their plan, but today most architects use computers. Architects generally work in comfortable conditions because they spend most of their time in offices. However, they spend some time at building sites to see how projects are going.

Architects may feel stressed sometimes. Most architects work 40 hours a week, but they may need to work nights and weekends in order to meet deadlines.

Astronaut (Astronot):

An astronaut is someone who is trained to operate or work aboard spacecraft. Many of these people work for government-sponsored space programs, although in the early 21st century, private firms began working in space as well. Astronauts are often figures of awe and admiration in their communities, and this adulation is well deserved; they endure grueling schedules and training programs for years before they are even allowed to go into space. They are also at the peak of physical fitness, and most are extremely intelligent.

Astronaut specializes in space travel and exploration. An astronaut is put in to space, orbit in a satellite, on other planet or moon to carry out scientific experiments and observations.the result of his/her observation and experiment is sent to earth where we analyse the result.this helps us to know more about the earth, space, other planets, etc.

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 İngilizce Dersi Çalışma Notları

   İngilizce Dersi Çalışma Notları Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

 İngilizce Dersi Çalışma Notları

• Personal pronouns (Zamirler)
  • Özne
    • I – You – He – She – It – We – You – They
• • Nesne
    • me – you – him – her – it – us – you – them
• • Sahiplik
    • my – your – his – her – our – their
• • Kendi
    • myself – yourself – himself – herself – itself – ourselves – themselves
• • Examples (Örnekler)
    • I love you | He reads a book | She watches television | We eat food | They drink alcohol | I play game
• to be (olmak)
  • am – is – are
  • I am
  • You – We – They are
  • He – She – It is
    • Örnekler: I am happy – She is beautiful | They are old
  • Olumsuzu – am not – is not – are not
    • I am not happy – She is not beautiful | They are not old
• Have (Sahip olmak)
  • I – You – We – They ……….. Have
  • He – She – it ……………………Has
    • Örnekler: I have a book | She has a cat | You have a laptop | They have a television
• Who – What – Why – When – How – Which
  • Örnekler: Who is this girl? – What is your name? – Why are you crying?
  • Örnekler: When is your birthday? – How are you? – Which girl do you like?
• Infinitive (mastar)
  • to
  • to have – to read – to watch – to drink
• “a” & “an”
  • a book, a cat, a laptop
  • an apple, an eye, an arm
• Present tense (Geniş zaman)
  • Örnekler: She reads book | We watch television
• Past Tense (Geçmiş Zaman)
  • -ed
  • love – loved | watch – watched | ask – asked | look – looked | play – played
    • Örnekler: I watched television | I loved you | She asked me
  • Özel Durum: Have – Has | Had
    • Örnekler: I had a book | She had a laptop | We had a television
  • Olumsuzu || did not (kısa versiyonu didn’t)
    • Örnekler: I did not have a book | She didn’t have a laptop | We didn’t have a television
  • Özel Durum: Am Is Are – Was & Were
    • I am | I was
    • He She It is | He She it was
    • We you they are | We you they were
      • I was happy | They were beautiful
    • Olumsuzu ||  was not – were not
• Future Tense (Gelecek Zaman)
  • will
  • will love  ||  will watch  ||  will ask  ||   will look
    • Örnekler: I will love you | They will watch television | She will look
  • Olumsuz – will not
• here (burada) ve There (orada) kullanımı
  • She was here
  • You were there
  • I will be there
• “a” ve “the” ayrımı ve Emir cümleleri
  • • Give me a book | Give me the book
    • Ask me a question – Ask me the question
• this – that
  • this book | that girl 
• Numbers (Sayılar)
  • One – two – three – four – five – six – seven – eight – nine – ten
• Plural (Çoğul)
  • -s
    • book – books | girl – girls | questions – questions
• Nouns (İsimler)
  • Yiyecek içecek
    • food – water – tea – coffee – milk – chocolate – breakfast – lunch
      • Örnekler: I eat food, you drink water
• • • alcohol
      • beer – vodka – whisky – wine
        • Örnekler: We have whisky | I will drink vodka
• • • yeme içme eşyaları
      • glass – plate – fork – knife – spoon
        • wine glass – tea spoon
• • • İnsanlar
      • boy – girl – child – baby – woman- man – friend – girlfriend – boyfriend – wife – husband – god
        • I miss my girlfriend – She was a baby – They are boyfriend and girlfriend
• • • Akraba
      • mother, father, brother, sister, son, daughter
• • • animals
      • dog – cat – mouse – monkey – lion – tiger
        • Örnekler: I love dogs – monkey eats banana
• • • time (zaman)
      • day – minute – year – week – weekday – weekend – today – yesterday – tomorrow – month – summer – winter – morning – evening – noon – afternoon
        • Örnekler: One day I will have a beautiful house ||  I run every day ||  Last summer I was in Paris ||  Next winter I will be in America.
    • Uzay
      • Earth – moon – sun – light – sunlight – dark – space – star – planet
        • Örnekler: Use suncream to protect yourself from sun. Moon turns around earth.
• • • Home (ev)
      • room – bed – bedroom – bath – bathroom
• • • mobilya
      • table – chair – armchair – carpet
• • • Sports
      • football – foot – ball – corner – basket – basketball – volleyball
• • • Araçlar
      • car – bus – taxi – train – bike – motorbike – ship – spaceship
• • • Binalar
      • school – cafe – restaurant – bar – club – supermarket – university – cinema – hospital – house – home
• • • Meslekler
      • doctor – dancer – manager – photographer – dentist – professor – teacher – student – actor – actress – housewife
• • • Ülke (Country)
      • Turkey – Norway – Germany – 1China – France – Spain – United States of America – United Kingdom – England
      • India – Japan – Mexico – Austria – Finland – Syria – Iraq – Argentina – World
• • • Kıta (Continent)
      • Europe – Asia – Australia – America – Africa
• • • Yüz – vücut
      • Face – head – hair – nose – ear – eye – lip
      • hand – foot – arm – leg – ass – tits – pussy – cock
• • • Cloth (Giysi)
      • tshirt – shirt – skirt – shorts – jeans – trousers – socks – shoes
• • • Şey
      • Thing – anything – something – everything – nothing
• • • Bilimler
      • mathematics – physics – Chemistry – Biology – geometry – geology – geography – history
• • • Bitkiler
      • flower – rose – tree – forest
• • • Hava durumu
      • weather – sun – sunny || rain – rainy || cloud – cloudy || snow – snowy
• Adjectives (Sıfatlar)
  • (İnsanlar) || beautiful – sexy – hot – tall – fat – thin – smart – idiot – single – married – rich – poor – good – bad – kind – rude – silent – loud
  • (cisimler) || hot – cold – soft – hard – fast – slow – deep – high – big – small – easy – hard – heavy – near – far – long – short
  • Mood (mod) || happy – angry – serious – funny
  • Colors (renkler) || white – black – red – orange – pink – blue – yellow – green – grey – brown
  • Yönler – right left north south eastwest(northwest – southeast etc.)
    • He is from middle-east. She lives in far-east. 
    • Turn right. Cinema is on the left.
• Present continuous (şimdiki zaman)
  • –ing
    • I am ….ing
    • You – We – They are …ing
    • He – She – It is …ing
      • Örnekler: I am going | We are sleeping | He was reading a book
• Conjunction (Bağlaç)
  • And – ve || but – ama || because – çünkü
    • Örnekler: Utku and Gökçe are working together – I was tired but I was happy – Why did you hit him? Because I was angry.
• Preposition (Edat)
  • On – üstünde || in – içinde || under – altında || for – için || with – ile || to (-e hali) || from (-den hali) – around (etrafında)
    • Örnekler: I am sitting on the chair – We are sleeping on the bed – The cat is under the table – I am with you – I am going to school – I study for university – I am from Turkey – We travelled around the world
• Verbs (Fiiller)
  • Hareket
    • go – come – run – walk – swim – jump – drive – sit – stand – ride – sleep – turn
      • Örnekler: I am going to cinema ||  I will come from work at 18.00 || He runs at the park || She walks on the beach || She was swimming in the sea ||  I jumped from bed
      • Örnekler: He will drive the car – I was sitting on the chair – She standing there for an hour – We were riding bike – I sleep six hours every day. Earth turns around sun.
  • 5 duyu
    • listen – watch – smell – touch – speak – see
      • Örnekler: I listen to music || He will watch television || I touched the table || I speak three languages || I will see him today
  • start – stop – try
    • Örnekler: Stop the car! – The race started – Did you try to stop him?
• • drink – eat – smoke
    • Örnekler: Don’t smoke in the room. We will eat at eight. I will drink wine, in the evening.
• • think – dream – create – read – write – ask – answer – call
    • Örnekler: I dream about you all the time. She thinks I am happy. They read books all the time.
    • Örnekler: What do you think about me? Did you ask her anything? I asked you a question
    • Örnekler: Answer my question! She is calling him now. God created the world in seven days.
• • make – do – give – take – pull – push – hit – use
• • cry – smile
• • increase – decrease
• Yapabilmek
  • can
    • I can drive a car – She can run fast – He can not walk
• (bir şey) yapmak zorunda
  • have to 
    • We have to go now |  I have to study | They had to listen to him all day
• Zaman sıklıkları
  • always – sometimes – never – every day
  • Örnekler: || She eats breakfast everyday ||  I never smoke ||  We run 5 kilometers every day ||  I sometimes cry
• Yapmayı seviyorum vs
  • Fiil-1 + Fiil-2 +ing
    • Örnekler: I love reading books || She stopped calling me || I started eating breakfast 
• Yapmak istiyorum
  • Fiil-1 + to + Fiil-2
    • I want to go – I want to be a doctor in the future. Who wants to play game?
• Vakti zamanında (ben gençken, o sekiz yaşındayken vs)
  • Örnekler: When I was eight years old, I started reading books – When she was young, she was very beautiful
• More – the most (daha çok, en çok)
  • Örnekler: She is more beautiful than my girlfriend. He is richer than her. I am smarter than my wife.
  • Örnekler: She is the most beautiful girl in Turkey. He is the richest guy in the world. Hussein Bolt is the fastest runner.
  • Örnekler: I love you more than him.
• Before – after (önce sonra)
  • Örnekler: After she comes, we will go. I asked him the same question after you.
  • Örnekler: Before you say anything, I want to say something. Breakfast comes before lunch.
• Because (then dolayı, -duğu için)
  • Örnekler: I love her because she is beautiful, I hate him because he is younger than me.
• Last – next
  • Örnekler: We were in Sapanca last weekend. Next week we are going to Antalya.
  • Örnekler: Last year I lived in Spain. Next month I will go to Norway.
  • Örnekler: When did you see him last time?
• Bağlantılı sıfat isimler
  • Happy – happiness
  • dark – darkness
  • kind – kindness
• Bağlantılı fiil isim sıfatlar
  • to die – death – dead
• Fiili isme çevirme ekleri
  • to produce – production || to act – action || to decide – decision || to maximize – maximization
• Düzensiz Geçmiş zaman çekimleri
  • go – went || come – came || swim – swam || fly – flew || drink – drank || eat – ate || take – took || give – gave
  • run – ran || sit – sat || sleep – slept || see – saw || speak – spoke || think – thought
• Adverb (Zarf)
  • -ly
  • slow – slowly || kind – kindly || silent – silently || loud – loudly || happy – happily || heavy – heavily || very
    • It is raining heavily. She kindly asked me a question. They speak very loudly.

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 İngilizce Aylar ve Mevsimler (Months And Seasons)

    İngilizce Aylar ve Mevsimler (Months And Seasons) Ders Notu konu Özeti İndir

Ayların ve Mevsimlerin İngilizce karşılıkları. Aşağıda vermiş olduğumuz tablolarda ayların ve mevsimlerin türkçe karlışıklarını görebilirsiniz.

Ayları ve Mevsimlerin cümle içierisinde kullanımlarına bakalım.
Aylar ve Mevsimleri cümle içerisinde kullanırken, başına “in” prepozisyonunu getiriyoruz.
– My birthday is in July. (Doğum günüm Temmuz ayında.)
– I will go to America in October. (Ekim ayında Amerika’ya gideceğim.)

gibi örnekler verebiliriz.

İngilizce günler ve aylar kısaltılarak yazılabilir. Genellikle şu kısaltmalar kullanılır:

1. Mon. – Monday
2. Wed. – Wednesday
3. Feb. – February
4. Aug. – Ağustos
5. Th. – Thursday
6. Oct. – October
7. Apr. – April
8. Nov. – November

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Geçmiş Zaman (Simple Past Tense)

   Geçmiş Zaman (Simple Past Tense) Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN

Geçmiş zaman geçmişte olmuş hareketleri anlatmak için kullanılır. “Yürüdüm “, “uyudum”, “aldı”, “ getirdiler” sözlerindeki fiiller geçmiş zaman halindedirler. İngilizce’de fiiller geçmiş zaman hallerine göre ikiye ayrılırlar.
a- Düzenli Fiiller
b- Düzensiz fiiller

a-    Düzenli Fiiller :

Düzenli fiillerin özelliği şudur: bu gruptan bir fiili geçmiş zaman haline sokmak için fiilin sonuna “ed” takısı ilave edilir.
Düzenli bir fiil olan ” to walk”  fiilinin, önce bildiğimiz şimdiki, geniş , gelecek zamanlarda sonra geçmiş zaman da aldığı şeklini görelim.

I am Walkıng > Yürüyorum
I Walk > Yürürüm
I Shall Walk > Yürüyeceğim
I Walked > Yürüdüm
 

Düzenli fiiller grubundaki bütün fiiller bu örnekte görüldüğü gibi “ed” eki alarak geçmiş zaman haline girerler. Fiillere eklenen “ed” çoğunlukla  (d) olarak okunur. Fakat fiilin son harf veya harflerinin verdiği ses ( p, k, f, s, ş, ç ) seslerinden biri ise “ed” eki  “ t “  sesi olarak okunur. Fiilin son harfi “t” veya “d “ ise ilave edilen  “ed”  eki  “ id”  olarak okunur. Düzenli fiiller ile yapılmış geçmiş zaman örneklerini vermeden önce düzenli olanların listesini  verelim.
   

ÖRNEKLER

My daughter walked >                             Benim kızım yürüdü
My daughter walked to the door >           Kızım kapıya yürüdü
She asked me a difficalt questıon >         Bana zor bir soru sordu

The boy changed his book >                    Çocuk kitabını değiştirdi
We waited for the postman >                    Postacıyı bekledik
We washed our shirts >                            Gömleklerimizi yıkadık
They walked in the garden >                     Bahçede çalıştılar
You learned Englısh >                               İngilizce öğrendiniz
You helped the old woman >                     Yaşlı kadına yardım ettiniz
He visited his father yesterday >                Dün babasını ziyaret etti
I cleaned the windows last week >             Pencereleri geçen hafta temizledim
She carried two baskets >                          İki sepet taşıdı
They lived in a village >                              Köyde oturdular
My father smoked one cigarette >              Babam bir sigara içti
She worked in the garden yesterday >       O dün bahçede çalıştı

My teacher walked in the classroom >       Öğretmenim sınıfta yürüdü
Fatma  didn’t cook the dinner >                  Fatma akşam yemeği pişirmedi
You din’t go to school last week >              Geçen hafta okula gelmediniz

b) Düzensiz Fiiller

Düzensiz fiillerin özelliği şudur : Bu  gruba giren fiillerin geçmiş zaman halleri fiile bir ek ilavesi ile yapılmaz, bunların geçmiş zaman kipinde kullanılmak üzere ayrı şekilleri vardır. örneğin düzensiz bir fiil olan “ too see “ “görmek “ fiilini öğrenirken bunun geçmiş zaman halinin  “ saw “ olduğunu da bilmeliyiz. Düzensiz fiillerin bir kısmının geçmiş zaman halleri aşağıdaki gibidir :

ÖRNEKLER

The teacher tought us English >          Öğretmen bize İngilizce öğretti
The students came late >                    Öğrenciler geç geldiler
She bought a packet of salt >              O bir paket tuz getirdi
We bought a new car last mounth >    Biz geçen ay yeni bir otomobil aldık
Tom got up late this morning >            Tom bu sabah geç kalktı
I saw your sister two days ago >          Senin kız kardeşini iki gün önce gördüm
She gave me a book >                         O bana bir kitap verdi
Th girl told us a story >                         Kız bir hikaye anlattı
The dog slept under the bed >             Köpek yatağın altında uyudu
The lesson began at nıne o’clock >      Ders saat dokuzda başladı
We drew a map on the blackboard >    Tahtaya bir harita çizdik

Geçmiş zaman halindeki cümlelerin soru ve olumsuz yapılmasında “da” yardımcı fiillerinden yararlanılır. Ancak cümle geçmiş zaman halinde olduğu için “do” fiilinin geçmiş hali olan “did” kullanılır, ”did” kullanılmak suretiyle cümle soru ve olumsuz hale getirilirken cümledeki geçmiş zaman halinde bulunan fiil kök haline döner. Örneğin; went sözcüğü “go” şekline ,played sözcüğü “play” şeklini alır.

ÖRNEKLER:

I asked                  sordum
I didn’t ask            sormadım
I saw                     gördüm
I didn’t see            görmedim
You talked             konuştun
You didn’t talk       konuşmadın
He bought             getirdi
He didn’t bought   getirmedi

1) I saw some passengers on the bus (+)              I didn’t see any passengers on the bus.(-)
     Otobüste birkaç yolcu gördüm.                         Otobüste hiç yolcu görmedim.                                                                 
.
2) Your doughter went to the cinema (+)               Your doughter didn’t go to the cinema (-)
     Kızınız sinemaya gitti.                                        Kızınız sinemaya gitmedi.                                                                               

Geçmiş zaman halindeki bir cümleyi soru şekline sokmak için cümlenin başına “did” getirilir. Fiil de kök haline  getirilir.

ÖRNEKLER:
      

I  went                 gittim
Did I go               gittim  mi?
You talked           konuştun
Did you talk         konuştun  mu?
She slept             uyudu
Did she sleep      uyudu  mu?

           
ÖRNEKLER: 

Your  father  used  a  gun .                      Baban bir silah kullandı.

Did your father use a gun ?                     Baban bir silah kullandı mı ? 

The soldiers  worked in the factory.         Askerler fabrikada çalıştılardı.

Did the soldiers work in the factory ?       Askerler fabrikada çalıştılar mı ?

The rich man bought an aeroplane .        Zengin adam bir uçak satın aldı.

Did the rich man buy an aeroplane ?       Zengin adam bir uçak satın aldı mı?

TO BE FİİLİNİN GEÇMİŞ HALİ

Mastar olarak “ olmak “ anlamına gelen to be fiilinin üç şekli “ am, is, are “ dır.

I am a waiter            > Ben bir garsonum

She is rich woman    > O zengin bir kadındır

They are soldiers     > Onlar askerlerdir

“TO BE “  fiilinin geçmiş zaman halleri “was” ve “were” dür. “am” ve “is” için geçmiş zaman hali “was” , “are” için ise “were” kullanılır. Başka bir deyişle tekil hallerde “was” , çoğul hallerde ise “ were” kullanılır.

I am——–                    ben———im
I was——-                    ben ——–idim

ÖRNEKLER

I am a student         Ben bir öğrenciyim     I was a student         Ben bir öğrenciydim
            
She is a teacher      O bir öğretmendir      She was a teacher    O bir öğretmendi
            
We are waiters        Biz garsonuz              We were waiters       Biz garsonduk
            
They are nurses      Onlar hemşiredir        They Were nurses   Onlar hemşireydiler

1- Was he a good man ?                   O iyi bir adam mıydı ?

2- Were you in the same car ?          Aynı otomobilde miydiniz ?

3- She Wasn’t near the house ?        O evin yanında değildi.

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Düzensiz Fiiller

  Düzensiz Fiiller Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

İngilizce düzensiz fiiller, -ed takısı almayan fiillerdir. Bu fiillerin 2. halleri Simple Past Tense ile bilikte, 3. halleri ise Perfect Tense ile birlikte kullanılır.

Bazı düzensiz fiillerin 1., 2, ve 2. hallerinin yazılışları aynıdır.

bid – bid – bid

Bazı düzensiz fiillerin 2. ve 3. halleri aynı kalır.

built – build – build

Bazılarının da 3 hali de değişik yazılır.

do – did – done

İngilizce düzensiz fiileri yukarıdaki gibi grublayarak ezberlemek size kolaylık sağlayabilir.

Aşağıda en çok kullanılan ingilizce düzensiz fiilleri ve anlamlarını bulabilirsiniz.

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 Countable (Sayılabilen) – Uncountable (Sayılamayan)

 Countable (Sayılabilen) – Uncountable (Sayılamayan) Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

COUNTABLE (SAYILABİLEN)

– Sayılarla ifade edilebilen bireysel nesneler, yerler vb. “Countable” yani “Sayılabilen” olarak kabul edilirler.

Örnek : Pictures (resimler), books (kitaplar), houses (evler), birds (kuşlar), doors (kapılar), pencils (kalemler)…

– Sayılabilen bir isim, hem çoğul hem de tekil yapılabilir.

Örnek: a picture (bir resim), a book (bir kitap), an apple (bir elma) – veya çoğul – three pictures (üç resim), a lot of books (birçok kitap), a few apples (biraz elma)

UNCOUNTABLE (SAYILAMAYAN)

– Hammaddeler, kavramlar, bilgiler v.b. gibi sayılarla ifade edilemeyen kelimeler-isimler ise “Uncountable” yani “Sayılamayan” olarak nitelendirilir.

Örnek : intelligence(zeka), wood(odun), cheese(peynir), anger(öfke)…

Türkçe olarak düşünürsek, sayılamayan isimlerin mantığı şudur; bizler asla bir peynir, iki peynir, üç peynir biçiminde saymayız, bunun yerine ağırlık ölçüsüyle ya da içinde bulunduğu kabın sayısıyla peyniri sayarız; Örneğin, 1 kilo peynir, 300 gram peynir, 5 teneke peynir gibi…

Özet olarak, sayılamayan isimler, ölçü birimleri vb. gibi şeylerle sayılabilir hale getirilirler.

Örnek:
water (su) – a glass of water (bir bardak su) – two glasses of water (iki bardak su)
cheese (peynir)– five slices of cheese (beş dilim peynir)

Örneklerde de görüldüğü üzere, çoğul eki sayılamayan kelimeye değil ölçü birimine getirilmektedir.

Dipnot: “Some” kelimesi, sayılabilen kelimelere kullanıldığında “birkaç”, sayılamayan kelimelerle kullanıldığında ise “biraz” anlamına gelmektedir.

Örnek:

There are some students in the garden. (Bahçede birkaç öğrenci var.)

There are some water in the pool. (Havuzda biraz su var.)

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Atatürk’ün İngilizce Hayatı

  Atatürk’ün İngilizce Hayatı Ders Notu Konu Özeti İndir

He was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father Ali Riza, a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a boy. His mother Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military high school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning perfection) in recognition of young Mustafa’s superior achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.

In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain. Posted in Damascus, he started with several colleagues, a clandestine society called “Homeland and Freedom” to fight against the Sultan’s despotism. In 1908 he helped the group of officers who toppled the Sultan. Mustafa Kemal’s career flourished as he won his heroism in the far corners of the Ottoman Empire, including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly served as a staff officer in Salonica and Istanbul and as a military attache in Sofia.

In 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was launched, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero by winning successive victories and finally repelling the invaders. Promoted to general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Turkey that year. In the next two years, he served as commander of several Ottoman armies in Palestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving another major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo.

On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Independence. In defiance of the Sultan’s government, he rallied a liberation army in Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established the basis for the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected to its Presidency.

Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invading armies. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title of Commander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armies won their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.

In July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy, and others. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish State. On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic.

Atatürk married Latife Usakligil in early 1923. The marriage ended in divorce in 1925.

The account of Atatürk’s fifteen year Presidency is a saga of dramatic modernization. With indefatigable determination, he created a new political and legal system, abolished the Caliphate and made both government and education secular, gave equal rights to women, changed the alphabet and the attire, and advanced the arts and the sciences, agriculture and industry.

In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name “Atatürk” (Father of the Turks).

On November 10, 1938, following an illness of a few months, the national liberator and the Father of modern Turkey died. But his legacy to his people and to the world endures.

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